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Pain mechanisms: a new theory.

Melzack R, Wall PD.

[2] [1]

Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation.

Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW.

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain.

Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, Modic MT, Malkasian D, Ross JS.

[4] [3] Natural history of individuals with asymptomatic disc abnormalities in magnetic resonance imaging: predictors of low back pain-related medical consultation and work incapacity.

Boos N, Semmer N, Elfering A, Schade V, Gal I, Zanetti M, Kissling R, Buchegger N, Hodler J, Main CJ.

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Inflammatory mediators of pain.

Dray A.

[6] Gary E. Kaiser Lecture Guide - Community College of Baltimore County

[7] [5]

Pathophysiological mechanisms of fibromyalgia.

Zimmermann M.

[8]

Putative role of neuronal 5-lipoxygenase in an aging brain.

Manev H, Uz T, Sugaya K, Qu T.

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Interleukin-1-mediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity

Tarek A. Samad, Kimberly A. Moore, Adam Sapirstein, Sara Billet, Andrew Allchorne, Stephen Poole, Joseph V. Bonventre & Clifford J. Woolf

[10]

Adrenergic innervation of rat sensory ganglia following proximal or distal painful sciatic neuropathy: distinct mechanisms revealed by anti-NGF treatment.

Ramer MS, Bisby MA.

[11] [7] Hyperalgesia from subcutaneous cytokines

By Stephen Poole, Fernando de Queiroz Cunha and Sergio Henriques Ferreira

Summary

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Horai R, Saijo S, Tanioka H, et al. Development of chronic inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in interleukin 1 receptor antagonist -deficient mice.

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Gravallese EM, Goldring SR. Cellular mechanisms and the role of cytokines in bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis.

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van Lent PLEM, van de Loo FAJ, Holthuysen AEM, van den Bersselaar LAM, Vermeer H, van den Berg WB. Major role for interleukin 1 but not for tumor necrosis factor in early cartilage damage in immune complex arthritis in mice.

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Intrathecal anti-IL-6 antibody and IgG attenuates peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia in the rat: possible immune modulation in neuropathic pain.

Arruda JL, Sweitzer S, Rutkowski MD, DeLeo JA.

[19] [8] Intrathecal Methylprednisolone for Intractable Postherpetic Neuralgia

Naoki Kotani, Tetsuya Kushikata, Hiroshi Hashimoto, Futoshi Kimura, Masatoshi Muraoka, Misako Yodono, Mizue Asai, Akitomo Matsuki

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Systemically administered interleukin-10 reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and significantly improves functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats.

Bethea JR, Nagashima H, Acosta MC, Briceno C, Gomez F, Marcillo AE, Loor K, Green J, Dietrich WD.

[21]

Effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) on pain behavior and gene expression following excitotoxic spinal cord injury in the rat.

Plunkett JA, Yu CG, Easton JM, Bethea JR, Yezierski RP.

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[25] [12] Hyperalgesic Actions of Cytokines on Peripheral Nerves

By Robert R. Myers, Rochelle Wagner and Linda Sorkin

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Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky¹, Jennifer M Lee¹, Joseph M Hoxworth¹, David Smith II¹, Paul Duray¹, Ralph H Schumacher Jr¹, Cheryl H Yarboro¹, John Klippel¹, David Kleiner¹ and Hani S El-Gabalawy¹

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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is synthesized in neurons of the human hippocampus and is capable of degrading the amyloid-beta peptide (1-40).

Backstrom JR, Lim GP, Cullen MJ, Tokes ZA.

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Cytokine involvement in dynorphin-induced allodynia.

Laughlin TM, Bethea JR, Yezierski RP, Wilcox GL.
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 [A breakthrough in the research on pain. Survey of the synaptic network may result in new analgesics]

Olgart L.

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[Article in French]

Menkes CJ, Renoux M.

[33]

Effects of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on osteoblastic expression of osteocalcin and mineralized extracellular matrix in vitro.

Taichman RS, Hauschka PV.

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Proliferative responses to estradiol, IL-1 alpha and TGF beta by cells expressing alkaline phosphatase in human osteoblast-like cell cultures.

Rickard DJ, Gowen M, MacDonald BR.

[35]

In vivo dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase by ML-3000 reduces the progression of experimental osteoarthritis: suppression of collagenase 1 and interleukin-1beta synthesis.

Jovanovic DV, Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Jolicoeur FC, Reboul P, Laufer S, Tries S, Pelletier JP.

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2000 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies: Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha mimics nucleus pulposus-induced neuropathology. Molecular, histologic, and behavioral comparisons in rats.

Igarashi T, Kikuchi S, Shubayev V, Myers RR

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Selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents nucleus pulposus-induced thrombus formation, intraneural edema, and reduction of nerve conduction velocity: possible implications for future pharmacologic treatment strategies of sciatica.

Olmarker K, Rydevik B.

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Radicular pain - recent pathophysiologic concepts and therapeutic implications.

Olmarker K.

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Nitric oxide as a mediator of nucleus pulposus-induced effects on spinal nerve roots.

Brisby H, Byrod G, Olmarker K, Miller VM, Aoki Y, Rydevik B.

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The inflammatory properties of contained and noncontained lumbar disc herniation.

Nygaard OP, Mellgren SI, Osterud B.

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Meggs WJ.

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Neuroendocrine and immune aspects of fibromyalgia.

van West D, Maes M.

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Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome.

Russell IJ, Orr MD, Littman B, Vipraio GA, Alboukrek D, Michalek JE, Lopez Y, MacKillip F.

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Elevated CSF levels of substance P and high incidence of Raynaud phenomenon in patients with fibromyalgia: new features for diagnosis.

Vaeroy H, Helle R, Forre O, Kass E, Terenius L.

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Modulation of pain in fibromyalgia (fibrositis syndrome): cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigation of pain related neuropeptides with special reference to calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP).

Vaeroy H, Sakurada T, Forre O, Kass E, Terenius L.

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Neurochemical pathogenesis of fibromyalgia.

Russell IJ.

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Changes in the concentrations of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid that correlate with pain in patients with fibromyalgia: implications for nitric oxide pathways.

Larson AA, Giovengo SL, Russell IJ, Michalek JE.

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Cytokines play an aetiopathogenetic role in fibromyalgia: a hypothesis and pilot study.

Wallace DJ, Linker-Israeli M, Hallegua D, Silverman S, Silver D, Weisman MH.

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Pentosanpolysulfate inhibits mast cell histamine secretion and intracellular calcium ion levels: an alternative explanation of its beneficial effect in interstitial cystitis.

Chiang G, Patra P, Letourneau R, Jeudy S, Boucher W, Green M, Sant GR, Theoharides TC.

[50]

Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibres in interstitial cystitis.

Pang X, Marchand J, Sant GR, Kream RM, Theoharides TC.

[51]

Comment in:

High affinity binding sites for [3H] substance P in urinary bladders of cats with interstitial cystitis.

Buffington CA, Wolfe SA Jr.

[52]

Interstitial cystitis: increased sympathetic innervation and related neuropeptide synthesis.

Hohenfellner M, Nunes L, Schmidt RA, Lampel A, Thuroff JW, Tanagho EA.

[53]

Potentiation by bradykinin and substance P of purinergic neurotransmission in urinary bladder.

Patra PB, Westfall DP.

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Preliminary study on urinary cytokine levels in interstitial cystitis: does intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin treat interstitial cystitis by altering the immune profile in the bladder?

Peters KM, Diokno AC, Steinert BW.

[55]

Pathophysiology of migraine--new insights.

Hargreaves RJ, Shepheard SL.

[56]

Innervation and effects of dilatory neuropeptides on cerebral vessels. New aspects.

Edvinsson L.

[57]

Neurogenic inflammation in the context of migraine.

Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ.

[58]

[Both neurogenic and vascular causes of primary headache]

[Article in Swedish]

Edvinsson L.

[59]

Neuropeptides in the cerebral circulation.

Uddman R, Edvinsson L.

[60] [14] Regulation of meningeal blood flow by neuropeptides: Relevance to migraine

By K. Messlinger, M. Pawlak

[61]

Possible role of inflammatory mediators in tactile hypersensitivity in rat models of mononeuropathy.

Cui JG, Holmin S, Mathiesen T, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B.

[62]

Adrenergic innervation of rat sensory ganglia following proximal or distal painful sciatic neuropathy: distinct mechanisms revealed by anti-NGF treatment.

Ramer MS, Bisby MA.

[63]

Increases in the concentration of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn are associated with pain behavior following chronic constriction injury in rats.

Miletic G, Miletic V.

[64]

Neurotrophic factors and pain.

Apfel SC.

[65]

Nerve growth factor inhibition prevents traumatic neuroma formation in the rat.

Kryger GS, Kryger Z, Zhang F, Shelton DL, Lineaweaver WC, Buncke HJ.

[66]

Effect of NGF and anti-NGF on neuropathic pain in rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve.

Ro LS, Chen ST, Tang LM, Jacobs JM.

[67]

Peripheral neuropathic pain: from mechanisms to symptoms.

Baron R.

[68] [5]

Pathophysiological mechanisms of fibromyalgia.

Zimmermann M.

[69]

NF-kappa B decoy suppresses cytokine expression and thermal hyperalgesia in a rat neuropathic pain model.

Sakaue G, Shimaoka M, Fukuoka T, Hiroi T, Inoue T, Hashimoto N, Sakaguchi T, Sawa Y, Morishita R, Kiyono H, Noguchi K, Mashimo T.

[70] [6]

Interleukin-1-mediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity

Tarek A. Samad, Kimberly A. Moore, Adam Sapirstein, Sara Billet, Andrew Allchorne, Stephen Poole, Joseph V. Bonventre & Clifford J. Woolf

[71] Oyelese, A.A., Rizzo M..A., Waxman, S.G. and Kocsis, J.D. (1997) Differential effects of NGF and BDNF on axotomy-induced changes in GABAA receptor-mediated conductance and sodium currents in cutaneous afferent neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 78:31-42.

[72] Waxman, S.G. (1999) The molecular pathophysiology of pain: abnormal expression of sodium channel genes and its contributions to hyperexcitability in primary sensory neurons. Pain. 6, S133-S140.

[73] Black, J.A., Langworthy, K., Hinson, A.W., Dibb-Hajj, S.D., and Waxman, S.G. (1997) NGF has opposing effects on Na+ channel III and SNS gene expression in spinal sensory neurons.. NeuroReport, 8: 2331-2335.

[74] Everill, B., and Kocsis, J.D., (1999) Reduction of potassium currents in identified cutaneous afferent DRG neurons after axotomy. Journal of Neurophysiology, 82, 700-708.

[75] [21]

Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: prospective study of 829 patients.

Veldman PH, Reynen HM, Arntz IE, Goris RJ.

[76] [22]

[Bone marrow edema in MRT]

[Article in German]

Vahlensieck M, Reiser M.

[77] [23]

Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy).

Maleki J, LeBel AA, Bennett GJ, Schwartzman RJ.

[78] [24]

[Sudeck's syndrome. Was Sudeck right?]

[Article in German]

van der Laan L, Goris RJ.

[79] [25]

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: facts and hypotheses.

Kurvers HA.
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The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system.

Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES.

[81] [27]

The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome.

Birklein F, Schmelz M, Schifter S, Weber M.

[82] [28]

Role of neuropeptides in pathogenesis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

Blair SJ, Chinthagada M, Hoppenstehdt D, Kijowski R, Fareed J.

[83] [29] Hyperalgesia from subcutaneous cytokines

By Stephen Poole, Fernando de Queiroz Cunha and Sergio Henriques Ferreira

[84]

Interleukin-1-induced subacromial synovitis and shoulder pain in rotator cuff diseases.

Gotoh M, Hamada K, Yamakawa H, Yanagisawa K, Nakamura M, Yamazaki H, Ueyama Y, Tamaoki N, Inoue A, Fukuda H

[85]

Increased interleukin-1beta production in the synovium of glenohumeral joints with anterior instability.

Gotoh M, Hamada K, Yamakawa H, Nakamura M, Yamazaki H, Inoue A, Fukuda H.

[86]

Immunolocalization of cytokines and growth factors in subacromial bursa of rotator cuff tear patients.

Sakai H, Fujita K, Sakai Y, Mizuno K.

[87]

Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an overview.

Marinoff SC, Turner ML.

[88]

Elevated tissue levels of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vulvar vestibulitis.

Foster DC, Hasday JD

[89] [40]

Methylprednisolone prevents the development of autotomy and neuropathic edema in rats, but has no effect on nociceptive thresholds.

Kingery WS, Castellote JM, Maze M.

[90] [41]

Chronic exposure to morphine, but not ethanol, attenuates the expression of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme in rat spleen.

Graf JA, Patel JA, Chang SL.

[91] [42]

Immunoregulatory effects of morphine on human lymphocytes.

Nair MP, Schwartz SA, Polasani R, Hou J, Sweet A, Chadha KC.

[92] [43]

Effect of morphine on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in vivo: involvement of the sympathetic nervous system.

Bencsics A, Elenkov IJ, Vizi ES.

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Pharmacokinetics and cytokine production in heroin and morphine-treated mice..

Pacifici R, di Carlo S, Bacosi A, Pichini S, Zuccaro P.

[94]

Role of opioid receptors in neurogenic dural vasodilation and sensitization of trigeminal neurones in anaesthetized rats.

Williamson DJ, Shepheard SL, Cook DA, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, Cumberbatch MJ..

[95]

Botulinum toxin A blocks glutamate exocytosis from guinea-pig cerebral cortical synaptosomes.

Sanchez-Prieto J, Sihra TS, Evans D, Ashton A, Dolly JO, Nicholls DG.

[96]

Botulinum toxin inhibits arachidonic acid release associated with acetylcholine release from PC12 cells.

Ray P, Berman JD, Middleton W, Brendle J.

[97]

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine coexist with neuropeptide Y, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuronal subpopulations in cranial parasympathetic ganglia of rat.

Hardebo JE, Suzuki N, Ekblad E, Owman C.

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Effects of botulinum toxin type D on secretion of tumor necrosis factor from human monocytes.
Imamura K, Spriggs D, Ohno T, Kufe D.

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Efficacy of etanercept in the treatment of the entheseal pathology in resistant spondylarthropathy: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study.

Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, O'Connor P, Emery P.

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Etanercept reduces hyperalgesia in experimental painful neuropathy.

Sommer C, Schafers M, Marziniak M, Toyka KV.

[101] [69]

Selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents nucleus pulposus-induced thrombus formation, intraneural edema, and reduction of nerve conduction velocity: possible implications for future pharmacologic treatment strategies of sciatica.

Olmarker K, Rydevik B.

[102] [46]

Inhibitors of Phosphodiesterase Isoforms III or IV Suppress Islet-Cell Nitric Oxide Production.

Beshay E, Prud'homme GJ.

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Prevention of compartment syndrome in dorsal root ganglia caused by exposure to nucleus pulposus.

Yabuki S, Onda A, Kikuchi S, Myers RR.

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Inhibitory effect of clarithromycin on costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production by synovial fibroblast-like cells.
Matsuoka N, Eguchi K, Kawakami A, Tsuboi M, Kawabe Y, Aoyagi T, Nagataki S.

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Oral administration of doxycycline reduces collagenase and gelatinase activities in extracts of human osteoarthritic cartilage.

Smith GN Jr, Yu LP Jr, Brandt KD, Capello WN.

[115] [59]

[An evaluation of efficacy of minocycline as an anti-rheumatic drug in patients with active and refractory rheumatoid arthritis]

[Article in Japanese]

Kawanaka N, Yamamura M, Hashimoto H, Okamoto H, Morita Y, Kawashima M, Aita T, Okamoto A, Makino H.

[116] [60]

Treatment of early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with minocycline: four-year followup of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

O'Dell JR, Paulsen G, Haire CE, Blakely K, Palmer W, Wees S, Eckhoff PJ, Klassen LW, Churchill M, Doud D, Weaver A, Moore GF.

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2000 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies: Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha mimics nucleus pulposus-induced neuropathology. Molecular, histologic, and behavioral comparisons in rats.

Igarashi T, Kikuchi S, Shubayev V, Myers RR

[118] [62]

Tumor necrosis factor alpha and nucleus-pulposus-induced nerve root injury.

Olmarker K, Larsson K.

[119] [63]

Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.

Wolf H.

[120] [64]

Are toxic oxygen radicals involved in the pathogenesis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy?

Goris RJ, Dongen LM, Winters HA.

[121] [65]

[Bone marrow edema in MRT]

[Article in German]

Vahlensieck M, Reiser M.

[122] [66]

Treatment of severe, recalcitrant reflex sympathetic dystrophy: assessment of efficacy and safety of the second generation bisphosphonate pamidronate.

Cortet B, Flipo RM, Coquerelle P, Duquesnoy B, Delcambre B.

[123]

Mechanisms of bone metastasis.
Mundy GR.

[124]

Multiple Myeloma: New Insights and Therapeutic Approaches.

Anderson KC, Kyle RA, Dalton WS, Landowski T, Shain K, Jove R, Hazlehurst L, Berenson J.

[125] [70]

Intrathecal amitriptyline acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist in the presence of inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats.

Eisenach JC, Gebhart GF.

[126] [71]

The effect of repeated amitriptyline and desipramine administration on cytokine release in C57BL/6 mice.

Kubera M, Holan V, Mathison R, Maes M.

[127] [72]

Inflammatory cytokines and related genes are induced in the rat hippocampus by limbic status epilepticus.

De Simoni MG, Perego C, Ravizza T, Moneta D, Conti M, Marchesi F, De Luigi A, Garattini S, Vezzani A.

[128] [73]

Corticosterone and phenytoin reduce neuronal nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA expression in rat hippocampus.
Reagan LP, McKittrick CR, McEwen BS..

[129] [74]

Zonisamide inhibits nitric oxide synthase activity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate and buthionine sulfoximine in the rat hippocampus.

Noda Y, Mori A, Packer L.

[130] [75]

Sodium valproate inhibits production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and activation of NF-kappaB.

Ichiyama T, Okada K, Lipton JM, Matsubara T, Hayashi T, Furukawa S.

[131] [76]

Positive response to oral divalproex sodium (Depakote) in patients with spasticity and pain.

Zachariah SB, Borges EF, Varghese R, Cruz AR, Ross GS.

[132]

Thalidomide treatment in chronic constrictive neuropathy decreases endoneurial tumor necrosis factor-alpha, increases interleukin-10 and has long-term effects on spinal cord dorsal horn met-enkephalin.
George A, Marziniak M, Schafers M, Toyka KV, Sommer C.

[133]

Complete resolution of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with thalidomide treatment.

Rajkumar SV, Fonseca R, Witzig TE.

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Inflammatory cytokines and related genes are induced in the rat hippocampus by limbic status epilepticus.

De Simoni MG, Perego C, Ravizza T, Moneta D, Conti M, Marchesi F, De Luigi A, Garattini S, Vezzani A.

[135]

Comment in:

·               JAMA. 1998 Apr 8;279(14):1114-5.

·               JAMA. 1998 Aug 12;280(6):517-8.

Preemptive epidural analgesia and recovery from radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

Gottschalk A, Smith DS, Jobes DR, Kennedy SK, Lally SE, Noble VE, Grugan KF, Seifert HA, Cheung A, Malkowicz SB, Gutsche BB, Wein AJ.

[136]

Erratum in:

·                           Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 1997 Sep;35(3):191

The preemptive effect of pre-incisional bupivacaine infiltration on postoperative analgesia following lower abdominal surgery under epidural anesthesia.

Huang SJ, Wang JJ, Ho ST, Liu HS, Liaw WJ, Li MJ, Liu YH.

[137]

Comparing preincisional with postincisional bupivacaine infiltration in the management of postoperative pain.
Bourget JL, Clark J, Joy N.